Underground - Jolly Phonics Level 3 Readers

 The ground under our feet seems solid

and hard, but in fact there are lots of

things under it.


We live on a planet called Earth, which

was formed a long time ago. The Earth

is round in shape,

like a ball. It is

covered by a thin crust of rock.


Rock is made up of things called minerals.

This is one sort of rock, called granite.

You can see the different minerals in the

granite.


This building is made from a sort of

rock called limestone. Limestone is good

for building things as it is strong and

can be carved into shapes.


Where limestone is found, there are

often underground caves and holes.

These are made by rain. Little by little,

the rain digs caves and tunnels into the

rock.


As the rain drips,

it mixes with some of

the minerals from the limestone and

together they form columns in the

caves. The columns that hang down are

called stalactites and those that stick up

are called stalagmites.


Explorers investigate underground caves

and tunnels. They need hard hats,

torches and sometimes ropes.


Oil and gas are found under the

ground. A long time ago, very small

animals died and bit by bit they sank

deep down into the earth. Little by

little, mud and sand collected on top of

them. When the animals'

remains had

been mixed with the mud and sand for

a long time, they ended up forming oil

and gas.


Coal can be found under the ground

too. Coal is what is left from trees that

died and rotted a long time ago. We

dig down into the ground to get the

coal out. The hole we dig to do this is

called a mine.


Tunnels with roads and tracks are built

under the ground for cars and trains to

travel along. Some of these tunnels go

under rivers and some go from country

to country.


Much of the rock that covers the Earth

is topped with a thin coating of soil.

Some animals can dig down into the

soil and make homes underground.

Where there is no soil, the land is just a

rocky desert.


Tree roots go down into the ground

too. The roots keep the trees steady

and stop them from falling down. Trees

use roots to take in food from the soil

as well


We get some of our food from under

the ground.


A long time ago, animals like these used

to live on the Earth.


The bones, teeth and eggs of these

animals have been found in some very

old rocks. Sometimes you can just see

the shape where they used to be in the

rock. Rocks like these are called fossils.


Under the ground are all sorts of things

that have been left from times gone

by. There are coins, bits of pottery and

sometimes old houses! When they are

found, they can be dug up and used to

help us understand what life was like

back then.

So next time you look down, think about

all the things that are found under the

ground.


https://drive.google.com/file/d/1V1G5I9ZNdmCf1XHW0CV1xmMx2W7W-kzN/view?usp=drivesdk

You can download the PDF there ðŸ‘†














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